Internal Temporal Conjunction

Halliday (1994: 325-6):

Temporal Enhancing Conjunction: Simple And Complex

Halliday (1994: 325):

Spatial Enhancing Conjunction

Halliday (1994: 325):

The Function Of A Prepositional Phrase: 'Of' Phrases

Halliday (1994: 213):

Location: Spatiotemporal Non-Parallelism

Halliday (1994: 153-4):

Blogger Comments:

Cf. the alignment of time with space in the spacetime of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity.

See also Making Sense Of Time.

Location: Spatiotemporal Parallelism

Halliday (1994: 152-3):

Location

 Halliday (1994: 152):

Extent And Location

Halliday (1994: 152):

Existential Processes With Time Or Place

 Halliday (1994: 142):

Projecting Combined With Material Lexical Metaphor

Halliday & Matthiessen (1999: 586):

This mind-space may enter into material processes of storing, searching, crossing, escaping etc., either as participant or as circumstance, and also into relational processes of "being + Location". It is interesting to note that in these various lexical metaphors the Sensers are still very much present; they are not effaced. In fact, a number of these lexical metaphors constructed on the model of material clauses retain the option of projecting; see Figure 14-8.

Circumstantial Elements Realised Grammatically As Adverbial Groups

Halliday & Matthiessen (1999: 217-8):

Circumstantial elements can be realised grammatically either as adverbial groups or as prepositional phrases. These represent circumstances of two different types.

Type (1) are qualities ("simple circumstances") — but construed not as qualities of a particular participant but as qualities of a figure as a whole; for example, steadily, extremely loudly, perfectly in it rained steadily all night, they were shouting extremely loudly, it suits your complexion perfectly. Typically such adverbs are derived in the grammar from adjectives, with the added suffix -ly; a few have special forms, like well (from good), and sometimes the same form is both adjective and adverb, e.g. fast in a fast car, she drives fast.

The usual function is as circumstance of Manner, with the meaning 'in such a way', 'to such a degree'; and if the manner of doing determines the quality of the outcome there may be very little difference between a circumstance of this kind and a resultative Attribute: cf. don't chop the parsley too fine/too finely. There are some adverbial expressions realising other types of circumstance, e.g. everywhere (Location: space), recently (Location: time); as well as others which might be interpreted differently because of the nature of the quality itself, e.g. pointlessly 'in a pointless manner' or 'for no good reason' (Cause).

Sometimes the Manner element is a quality of the process itself, rather than the manner in which it unfolds, for example he was falsely accused/wrongly dismissed; these tend to be bonded rather closely to the Process element in the clause. (The adverbial form also functions as a quality of a quality, like frostily, superficially in a frostily polite receptionist, what he says is superficially correct; here it is not a circumstantial element but is part of the Epithet in the nominal group.

Relationship Of The Range To The Process: Projected vs Enhancing

Halliday & Matthiessen (1999: 170):

[The projected type of Range] is like [the enhancing] type in that in both types the agnate expression takes the form of a circumstantial element (grammatically, a prepositional phrase). But in the projected type the circumstance is one of Matter, whereas in the enhancing type it is typically one of Extent or Location. This corresponds in process type to the distinction between saying and sensing on the one hand and doing and being on the other.

Figures Of Doing: Underlying Schema

Halliday & Matthiessen (1999: 152-3, 152n):

The 'doing' figure is based prototypically on a schema we might refer to as "action and impact". There is always an Actor, the participant that performs the Process; and in an example such as the boys were jumping, the Process stops there — that is all there is to it. But in examples such as the boys were throwing stones, or the stones hit the wall the Actor's performance of the Process extends beyond, so as to 'impact' on another participant — this is the one known as the Goal (see Figure 4-8). 

In the typical case (the "active voice", in grammatical terminology), the clause unfolds iconically, reflecting the movement of the impact from Actor to Goal.⁶ And, as we saw above, the latter may then be followed by representation of the outcome of the impact — a resultative Attribute (he knocked it flat), a circumstance of Role (he cut it into cubes), or a circumstance of Location (he threw it into the corner).

⁶ This iconicity is, however, easily overridden by the textual metafunction, which has its own mode of iconic realisation.

Prepositional Phrases With 'Of'

Halliday & Matthiessen (2014: 425):

We noted above that prepositional phrases serve either as Adjunct or as Postmodifier. The exception is prepositional phrases with of, which normally occur only as Postmodifier; the reason is that they are not typical prepositional phrases, because in most of its contexts of use of is functioning not as minor Process/Predicator but rather as a structure marker in the nominal group (cf. to as a structure marker in the verbal group). 

Hence of phrases occur as clause elements only in two cases: 

(1) as circumstance of Matter, e.g. Of George Washington it is said that he never told a lie, 

(2) as one of a cluster of circumstances expressing a sense of ‘source’, all ultimately deriving from abstract locative ‘from’: died/was cured of cancer, accused/convicted/acquitted of murder, and so on.

Nominal Group & Prepositional Phrase: Functional Overlap

Halliday & Matthiessen (2014: 364):

There is also some overlap between nominal groups and prepositional phrases. … the distinction between participants and circumstances is less clear in the ergative organisation of the clause, and this means that certain participants (Agent, Range, Beneficiary) are realised by prepositional phrases to indicate a special status in the clause as message (when they are presented as early or late news … ). At the same time, circumstances of location and extent may be realised by nominal groups without a preposition marking the circumstantial relation … .

Adverbial Group & Prepositional Phrase: Functional Overlap

Halliday & Matthiessen (2014: 364):

But prepositional phrases encroach on the functional ground of adverbial groups, partly by means of phrasal templates such as in a ... way (manner), as in yeah it’s not done in an antagonistic way (instead of .... not done antagonistically); and adverbial groups may serve as Location in time or space. These latter often have as Head an adverb that derives from preposition + noun (for example upstairs, outside, overseas; today, tomorrow).

Circumstances Without Prepositions: Extent And Location

Halliday & Matthiessen (2014: 349):

… just as those elements which are treated essentially as participants can sometimes occur with a preposition, so at least some elements which are treated essentially as circumstances can sometimes occur without one. With expressions of Extent and Location there is often no preposition as in they stayed two days, they left last Wednesday.

Abstract Location Vs Other Circumstances [Diagnostic: WH– Probe]

Halliday & Matthiessen (2014: 318):

Abstract space is the source of various expressions that serve as realisations of other types of circumstance such as Manner (e.g. walk on one’s legs, make wine out of grapes), Rôle (e.g. cut into cubes, translate from Spanish into English). It can be difficult to determine whether such an expression serves as an abstract Location or as a circumstance of another type. But probes involving Wh– items usually help us draw the line. For example, using the spatial where, we can say where the dollar rose was to its highest point in the past year, which indicates that to its highest point in the past year is a Location in abstract space rather than a circumstance of some other kind. In contrast, we cannot say where she talked was on the meaning of life, which indicates that on the meaning of life is not a Location in abstract space but rather a circumstance of another kind.

Abstract Space

Halliday & Matthiessen (2014: 317-8):

Space includes not only concrete space, but also abstract space. Abstract space covers a range of experiential domains that are construed on the model of space; … the construal of abstract space often involves a ‘material’ process of motion through space like come, go, bring, take. 

The abstractness is a feature of the clause as a whole, not just a single element; but the ‘clue’ to the abstract interpretation may be a single element or a combination of elements. 

• The Location itself may be an abstract one, as with … this brings us back to the purpose of this symposium …  

• the participant placed in relation to the Location may be an abstraction, as with … a great sadness came over him … or 

• the participant causing this participant to be placed in relation to the Location may be an abstraction as in where is all this taking us?

Location: Rest vs Motion

Halliday & Matthiessen (2014: 317):